Religious Education and Digital Ethics Awareness Against Doxing: A Quantitative Study of University Students in Indonesia

Fadli Firdaus 1 Indonesia , Mia Syafrina 2 Indonesia
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Batam
2 Department of Business Management, Politeknik Negeri Batam
Link Copied!
Published 2026-06-30
Vol. 5 No. 4 (2026) PAGES 2127-2138
DOI 10.51574/ijrer.v5i4.5216
Views / Downloads 18 28

Doxing the non-consensual public disclosure of personal information constitutes a growing threat to digital privacy among university students in Indonesia. This study examines the influence of compulsory Religious Education learning on students' digital ethics awareness in the context of doxing. A cross-sectional descriptive-correlational survey design was employed. Using purposive sampling and Slovin's formula (e = 5%), 94 participants were recruited from a population of 123 students who had completed Religious Education at Politeknik Negeri Batam, Indonesia. Data were collected via a validated 36-item Likert-scale questionnaire (Cronbach's α = 0.912 and 0.897). Analysis incorporated descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality testing, ANOVA linearity testing, Spearman rank correlation, and simple linear regression. Most students demonstrated high Religious Education internalization (98.9%) and high digital ethics awareness (95.7%). Spearman correlation indicated a very strong positive association (rₛ = 0.833, p < .001). Simple regression confirmed that Religious Education explained 71.6% of the variance in digital ethics awareness (R² = 0.716; F = 231.90; p < .001; Cohen's f² = 2.52), with a regression coefficient of b = 0.956 (95% CI [0.832, 1.081]). Religious Education serves as a substantively effective instrument of digital character formation. The theological grounding of Islamic ethical values — particularly hifzh al-'irdh (safeguarding dignity) — appears to confer moral robustness beyond that of rule-based or literacy-oriented approaches. Implications for curriculum design, institutional policy, and interdisciplinary research on digital ethics education are discussed.

Firdaus, F., & Syafrina, M. (2026). Religious Education and Digital Ethics Awareness Against Doxing: A Quantitative Study of University Students in Indonesia . ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review , 5(4), 2127–2138. https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v5i4.5216
More Citation Formats
Download Citation

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
  1. Anom, E., & Rassanjani, S. (2026). Digital ethics, cultural values, and self-regulation of social media activities in Indonesia and Malaysia. Frontiers in Communication, 11, 1745680. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2026.1745680 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2026.1745680
  2. Asimakopoulos, G., Antonopoulou, H., Giotopoulos, K., & Halkiopoulos, C. (2025). Impact of information and communication technologies on democratic processes and citizen participation. Societies, 15(2), 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15020040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15020040
  3. Balqis, D. R., & Monggilo, Z. M. Z. (2023). Doxing Sebagai Ancaman Baru Jurnalis Online: Menelisik Kasus Doxing Jurnalis Liputan6. com. Komunikasi: Jurnal Komunikasi, 14(2), 133-144. https://doi.org/10.31294/jkom.v14i2.15651 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31294/jkom.v14i2.12010
  4. de Vaate, N. A. B., Veldhuis, J., & Konijn, E. A. (2023). The impact of seeing and posting photos on mental health and body satisfaction: A panel study among Dutch and Japanese adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 148, 107906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107906 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107906
  5. Geldenhuys, K. (2024). Doxing the dangerous breach of privacy. Servamus Community-based Safety and Security Magazine, 117(10), 27-31. https://doi.org/10.10520/ejc-servamus_v117_n10_a8
  6. Hefner, C. M. (2022). Morality, religious authority, and the digital edge: Indonesian Muslim schoolgirls online. American Ethnologist, 49(3), 359-373. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.13088 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.13088
  7. Ismail, A., Junaedi, M., bin Hassan, Z., & Nasikhin, N. (2024). Comparison of Undergraduate Religious Education Curriculum in Indonesia and Malaysia. Nazhruna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 7(2), 315-337. https://doi.org/10.31538/nzh.v7i2.4903 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31538/nzh.v7i2.4903
  8. Jufriadi, J., & Wahibah, W. (2025). Faith-driven innovation in practice: Investigating MBKM within Islamic higher education in Indonesia. Utamax: Journal of Ultimate Research and Trends in Education, 7(1), 71-86. https://doi.org/10.31849/utamax.v7i1.24627 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31849/utamax.v7i1.24627
  9. Kholidah, L. N. (2022). Improving students’ social responsibility via islamic religious education and social problem-based learning. Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam (Journal of Islamic Education Studies), 10(2), 163-182. https://doi.org/10.15642/jpai.2022.10.2.163-182 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15642/jpai.2022.10.2.163-182
  10. Li, Y. J., Cheung, C. M., Shen, X. L., & Lee, M. K. (2024). Doxing on social networking sites: an extension of the social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 25(6), 1466-1499. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00898 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00898
  11. Mazhar, B., Niu, J., Ul Haq, I., Maqsood, F., & Tareen, H. K. (2026). The Price of Privacy: How Privacy Concerns Shape Users’ Responses to Data Heists and Cyberbullying in Social Media Disengagement Through Privacy Calculus Theory. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2026.2676183 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2026.2676183
  12. Mugambwa, J., Mwebaza, S., & Namubiru, B. (2019). Gender equality policy, elites and women empowerment in higher education institutions. In Gender and Diversity: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (pp. 96-113). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6912-1.ch006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6912-1.ch006
  13. Nguyen, H., Nguyen, V., Ludovise, S., & Santagata, R. (2025). Value‐sensitive design of chatbots in environmental education: Supporting identity, connectedness, well‐being and sustainability. British Journal of Educational Technology, 56(4), 1370-1390. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13568 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13568
  14. Nurhayati, L., Supriadi, U., Jenuri, J., & Karim, A. (2025). Integrating digital citizenship and religious moderation in open and distance education: a holistic approach to character development in Indonesia. Asian Association of Open Universities Journal, 20(3), 261-276. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAOUJ-02-2025-0025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/AAOUJ-02-2025-0025
  15. Saly, J. N., & Sulthanah, L. T. (2023). Pelindungan Data Pribadi dalam Tindakan Doxing Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2022. Jurnal Kewarganegaraan, 7(2), 1708-1713. https://doi.org/10.31316/jk.v7i2.5413
  16. Sari, D. A. K., & Nopita, S. (2023). Analisis Pengaruh Literasi Digital terhadap Nilai-nilai Etika Berdigital pada Mahasiswa Pendidikan Agama Islam di IAIN Syakh Abdurrahman Siddik Bangka Belitung. Journal of Research and Thought on Islamic Education (JRTIE), 6(2), 155-168. https://doi.org/10.24260/jrtie.v6i2.1543
  17. Setiawan, I., Chalim, A., & Amalia, A. R. (2025). Building digital ethics in the perspective of islamic religious education. Journal of Research in Islamic Education, 7(1), 245-255. https://doi.org/10.25217/jrie.v7i1.5929 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25217/jrie.v7i1.5929
  18. Siliwangi, I. K. I. P. (2026). Reflective Digital Pedagogy in Islamic Religious Education and Religious Character Formation in Higher Education. IJLTER. ORG, 25(2), 763-782. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.25.2.34 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.25.2.34
  19. Sutikno, S. (2026). Value-Based Management and Character Development in Islamic Boarding Schools: A Systematic Review. Managere: Indonesian Journal of Educational Management, 8(2), 201-214. https://doi.org/10.52627/managere.v8i2.2026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.52627/managere.v8i2.2026
  20. Tewu, M. L., Destine, D., & Gunawan, I. (2025). Analysis of Social Media User Growth and Its Implications for Digital Marketing Strategies in Indonesia 2024. International Journal of Management Studies and Social Science Research (IJMSSSR), 7(3), 236-245. https://doi.org/10.56293/IJMSSSR.2025.5623 DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJMSSSR.2025.5623
  21. Van Tongeren, D. R., DeWall, C. N., Hardy, S. A., & Schwadel, P. (2021). Religious identity and morality: Evidence for religious residue and decay in moral foundations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 47(11), 1550-1564. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220970814 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220970814
  22. Wedi, A., Mardiana, D., & Umiarso, U. (2025). Digital Transformation Model of Islamic Religious Education in the AI Era: A Case Study of Madrasah Aliyah in East Java, Indonesia. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 24(8), 842-863. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.24.8.37
  23. Yalvaç Arıcı, H. (2025). The future of religious education: The role and contributions of youth theology. Religions, 16(4), 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16040454 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16040454
  24. Yudiana, T. C., Rosadi, S. D., & Priowirjanto, E. S. (2022). The urgency of doxing on social media regulation and the implementation of right to be forgotten on related content for the optimization of data privacy protection in Indonesia. Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law), 9(1), 24-45. https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v9n1.a2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v9n1.a2

Copyright (c) 2026 Fadli Firdaus, Mia Syafrina

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Similar Articles

<< < 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

Dimension Badge

Downloads

Downloads
Crossmark Badge
Crossmark Badge
Section
Articles
Keywords
Digital Ethics Doxing Religious Education Social Media University Students