Physical and Cognitive Predictors of Badminton Short Serve Mastery in High School

Nur Najemunnisa; Ahmad Adil; Andi Ridwan

doi:10.51574/ijrer.v5i4.4706

Authors

Nur Najemunnisa Department of Physical Education and Sport, Universitas Negeri Makassar
Ahmad Adil Department of Physical Education and Sport, Universitas Negeri Makassar
Andi Ridwan Department of Physical Education and Sport, Universitas Negeri Makassar

Keywords:

Badminton, Cognitive Predictors, High School Students, Physical Predictors, Short Serve Mastery

Abstract

Mastery of open-motor skills like the badminton short serve is often hindered by an incomplete understanding of cognitive-motor interactions. This study evaluated physical (arm muscle strength, X1; hand–eye coordination, X2) and cognitive (concentration, Y) predictors of badminton short serve mastery (Z) among high school student-athletes (N=25, aged 15–17), positioning concentration as a mediator. Utilizing a quantitative explanatory correlational design, data were collected via validated field tests and analyzed using path analysis. The empirical model accounted for 58.8% of the total variance in serving proficiency. Arm muscle strength acted as a dominant predictor, exerting significant direct effects on concentration (beta = 0.514, p < 0.05) and short serve mastery (beta = 0.421, p < 0.05). Sobel tests confirmed that concentration significantly and partially mediated the relationship between arm strength and serving performance (Z = 1.978, p = 0.047), amplifying the total integrative effect to 0.659, alongside its own direct impact on mastery (beta = 0.463, p < 0.05). Conversely, hand–eye coordination yielded no significant direct or indirect effects (p > 0.05). These findings demonstrate that technical mastery relies on both biomechanical readiness and cognitive control, where upper-body strength underpins the cognitive stability required for precise execution. Consequently, sports pedagogy should integrate targeted physical conditioning with structured cognitive training.

References

Abedanzadeh, R., Becker, K., & Mousavi, S. M. R. (2022). Both a holistic and external focus of attention enhance the learning of a badminton short serve. Psychological Research, 86(1), 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-021-01475-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-021-01475-9

Amri, M. F. L. (2025). Relationship Between Student-Centered Learning, Physical Education Dagogical Approach And Badminton Service Skill Improvement Among Senior High School Students. COMPETITOR: Jurnal Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga, 17(3), 3477-3487. https://doi.org/10.26858/cpjok.v17i3.591

Dhahbi, W., Briki, W., Heissel, A., Schega, L., Dergaa, I., Guelmami, N., ... & Chaabene, H. (2025). Physical activity to counter age-related cognitive decline: benefits of aerobic, resistance, and combined training—a narrative review. Sports Medicine-Open, 11(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00857-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00857-2

Duncan, M. J., Chan, C. K., Clarke, N. D., Cox, M., & Smith, M. (2017). The effect of badminton-specific exercise on badminton short-serve performance in competition and practice climates. European Journal of Sport Science, 17(2), 119-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1203362 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1203362

Guo, H., Xue, R., Chai, H., Long, Y., Lê, T. T., Nong, G., ... & Tang, X. (2026). Development and application of a physical fitness pedagogy model based on the sport education model framework: an instructional innovation in physical fitness curriculum. BMC Public Health, 26(1), 1397. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-26976-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-26976-3

Jayantilal, K., & O’Leary, N. (2017). (Reinforcing) factors influencing a physical education teacher’s use of the direct instruction model teaching games. European Physical Education Review, 23(4), 392-411. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X16652081 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X16652081

Kasmad, M. R., & Badaru, B. (2020). The effect of hand-eye coordination, wrist flexibility, and self-confidence on serve ability in badminton on Senior High Schools Students. In 3rd International Conference on Education, Science, and Technology (ICEST 2019) (pp. 245-248). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201027.051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201027.051

Kurniawan, A. W., Wiguno, L. T. H., & Amrullah, M. H. F. (2022). Development of application-based badminton material teaching media for middle school level PJOK teachers. Journal of Science and Education (JSE), 3(2), 82-93. https://doi.org/10.56003/jse.v3i2.162 DOI: https://doi.org/10.56003/jse.v3i2.162

Liang, Z. (2025). Psychomotor Ability. The ECPH Encyclopedia of Psychology (pp. 1232-1232). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-7874-4_1249 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-7874-4_1249

Lijin, Z. (2025). Development of Eye-Hand Coordination. The ECPH Encyclopedia of Psychology (pp. 379-380). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-7874-4_736 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-7874-4_736

Iino, Y., Wilkie, J. C., Fukashiro, S., Yoshioka, S., & Vial, S. (2025). Two strategies to improve stability in a precision-based task: Insights from the badminton short serve. Journal of biomechanics, 113059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.113059 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.113059

Pompa, D., Carson, H. J., Beato, M., di Fronso, S., & Bertollo, M. (2024). Attentional focus effects on lower-limb muscular strength in athletes: A systematic review. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 38(2), 419-434. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004714 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004714

Portaz, M., Cabestrero, R., Quirós, P., & Santos, O. C. (2024). AI-powered psychomotor learning through basketball practice: Opportunities and challenges. Mind, body, and digital brains, 193-215. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-58363-6_13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-58363-6_13

Portillo, J., Abián, P., Bravo-Sánchez, A., Dorado-Suárez, A., & Abián-Vicén, J. (2023). Effects of the comprehensive and technical models of sports teaching in secondary school students. Sustainability, 15(8), 6752. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086752 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086752

Rajab, A., Fahrizal, F., Kamaruddin, I., Adil, A., & Hudain, M. A. (2025). Influence of Arm Muscle Strength and Concentration on Badminton Long Service Ability in Elementary Schools. ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review, 4(2), 349-361. https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v4i2.2949 DOI: https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v4i2.2949

Ramadhan, R., & Saparia, A. (2026). Shooting Skill Level in the Extracurricular Football Team at MTS Al-Khairat Sandana Tolitoli. Journal of Education Review Provision, 6(1), 14-23. https://doi.org/10.55885/jerp.v6i1.950 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55885/jerp.v6i1.950

Saleh, H. A., Hasyim, H., & Fauzan, M. M. (2024). Influence Learning Strategies to Enhance Physical Condition and Focus in Young Badminton Players During Matches. EDUKASIA Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 5(2), 311-322. https://doi.org/10.62775/edukasia.v5i2.1429 DOI: https://doi.org/10.62775/edukasia.v5i2.1429

Sitorus, A. A., Simaremare, A., Arjuna, A., Buulolo, B., Pandia, B. P., Karo, A. A. P. K., ... & Laia, Y. P. (2025). Learning Outcomes Associated with the Execution of Short Service in Badminton Among Junior High School Students: The Proficiency of Eye-Hand Coordination in Motor Activities. Journal of Foundational Learning and Child Development, 1(01), 12-16. https://doi.org/10.53905/ChildDev.v1i01.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.53905/ChildDev.v1i01.3

Song, S. H. (2026). Relationship Between Quiet Eye and Kinematic Characteristics Based on Expertise in Badminton Backhand Serve. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 133(2), 443-464. https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125251346882 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125251346882

Suchomel, T. J., Nimphius, S., & Stone, M. H. (2016). The importance of muscular strength in athletic performance. Sports medicine, 46(10), 1419-1449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0486-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0486-0

Vial, S., Cochrane, J., J. Blazevich, A., & L. Croft, J. (2019). Using the trajectory of the shuttlecock as a measure of performance accuracy in the badminton short serve. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 14(1), 91-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954118812662 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954118812662

Yu, L. (2025). The correlation between biomechanical adaptation changes and teaching effectiveness in adolescents participating in sports dance training during physical education. Molecular & Cellular Biomechanics, 22(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.62617/mcb927