Balance, Leg Power, and Motivation as Determinants of Shooting Skills in Islamic High School Football

Supratman Supratman; Andi Ihsan; Benny Badaru

doi:10.51574/ijrer.v5i2.4579

Authors

Supratman Supratman Department of Physical Education and Sport, Universitas Negeri Makassar
Andi Ihsan Department of Physical Education and Sport, Universitas Negeri Makassar
Benny Badaru Department of Physical Education and Sport, Universitas Negeri Makassar

Keywords:

Balance, Football Extracurricular, Leg Power, Student Motivation, Shooting Skills

Abstract

Goal-shooting skills are crucial in soccer, but student performance is often hampered by a lack of integration between physical and psychological aspects during training. At State Islamic High School 2 Soppeng, the specific determinants that most influence the accuracy and power of extracurricular soccer students have not been thoroughly identified. This study aims to analyze and prove the influence of balance, leg strength, and motivation as the main determinants of shooting skills in extracurricular soccer students at State Islamic High School 2 Soppeng. This study used a quantitative approach with path analysis techniques. The study sample consisted of 30 middle-aged students in the 2025/2026 academic year. Data collection instruments included a balance test, a vertical jump to measure leg strength, a questionnaire for motivation, and a standardized shooting skills test. The results of the inferential analysis showed that all three variables had a significant direct effect on shooting performance (p < 0.05). Leg strength was found to be the most dominant factor (β = 0.418), confirming the importance of muscle explosiveness in generating ball speed. Balance plays a vital role in maintaining body stability when supporting (β = 0.342), while motivation acts as a psychological catalyst that strengthens technical mastery (β = 0.295). Contribution: This study provides practical contributions for coaches and sports teachers in designing a comprehensive training curriculum. The findings recommend a synergy between physical conditioning training (stability and explosive power) with strengthening intrinsic motivation to optimize students' technical potential in soccer.

References

Alkasasbeh, W. J., & Akroush, S. H. (2025). Sports motivation: a narrative review of psychological approaches to enhance athletic performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1645274. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1645274

Astika, I. (2026). Literature Review: The Correlation between Leg Muscle Strength and Shooting Accuracy in Football. Journal of Education and Applied Teaching (JEAT), 2(3), 1543-1552. https://journal.horizonedukasipublisher.com/jeat/article/view/72

Bakti, A. P., Kusnanik, N. W., Wahjuni, E. S., Firmansyah, A., Susanto, I. H., & Khuddus, L. A. (2024). The correlation of leg length, jump height, and leg muscle explosive power toward sprint ability. Retos, 51, 1463-1468. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v51.101052

Barte, J. C., Nieuwenhuys, A., Geurts, S. A., & Kompier, M. A. (2019). Motivation counteracts fatigue-induced performance decrements in soccer passing performance. Journal of sports sciences, 37(10), 1189-1196. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1548919

Cao, S. (2024). Passing path predicts shooting outcome in football. Scientific reports, 14(1), 9572. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-60183-7

Chmiel, J., & Kurpas, D. (2026). The Effectiveness of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Improving Performance in Soccer Players—A Scoping Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15031281

Demétrio, G., Rochael, M., Moura, F. A., Bedo, B. L., & Praça, G. M. (2025). The effects of time pressure and numerical unbalance on football players’ interpersonal coordination and movement uncertainty. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 25(2), 271-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2024.2408975

Doewes, R. (2023). Different biomechanics in football shooting using inside and instep kick. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 6(3), 307-315. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1290078

Evans, P., Vansteenkiste, M., Parker, P., Kingsford-Smith, A., & Zhou, S. (2024). Cognitive load theory and its relationships with motivation: A self-determination theory perspective. Educational Psychology Review, 36(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-023-09841-2

Fierro-Suero, S., Fernández-Ozcorta, E. J., & Sáenz-López, P. (2022). Students’ motivational and emotional experiences in physical education across profiles of extracurricular physical activity: The influence in the intention to be active. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15), 9539. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159539

Fullerton, S. A., Gaudreault, K. L., & Royce, I. (2023). Implementing long-term athletic development within K–12 physical education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 94(6), 6-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2023.2221867

Gagné, M., Parker, S. K., Griffin, M. A., Dunlop, P. D., Knight, C., Klonek, F. E., & Parent-Rocheleau, X. (2022). Understanding and shaping the future of work with self-determination theory. Nature reviews psychology, 1(7), 378-392. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-022-00056-w

Gao, F. (2023). Improvement of speed and explosive strength in soccer players. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 29, e2022_0582.

Grønset, J., Langagergaard, M., & Sæther, S. A. (2024). Mental processes in professional football players. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1428892. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1428892

Guo, C., Chen, F., & Wang, Y. (2025). The psychological impact of competitive sports participation on adolescent athletes: An analysis of coping mechanisms and performance outcomes. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 43(2), 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-025-00587-0

Habibulloh, M., & Permono, P. S. (2025). The Relationship Between Leg Muscle Explosive Power and Strength with Dribbling Skills in Football Games. Journal Physical Health Recreation (JPHR), 5(2), 342-351. https://doi.org/10.55081/jphr.v5i2.3975

Haddad, M. (2024). Motor asymmetry in football: Implications for muscular power, balance, and injury prevention. Symmetry, 16(11), 1485. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16111485

Hasan, S. (2023). Effects of plyometric vs. strength training on strength, sprint, and functional performance in soccer players: a randomized controlled trial. Scientific reports, 13(1), 4256. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31375-4

Hasbullah, B., Tenine, M., Hattu, M., & Matitaputty, J. (2025). Teori dan Praktek Sepak Bola: Memahami Permainan Sepak Bola Modern. CV Eureka Media Aksara.

Ihwan, M., Mappoampo, A., & Bachtiar, I. (2025). Understanding Young Learners’ Dribbling Performance: A Descriptive Exploration of Fundamental Football Skills in Elementary Education. Indonesian Journal of Sport, 1(1), 34-50. https://doi.org/10.64780/ijos.v1i1.107

Kobal, R., Loturco, I., Barroso, R., Gil, S., Cuniyochi, R., Ugrinowitsch, C., ... & Tricoli, V. (2017). Effects of different combinations of strength, power, and plyometric training on the physical performance of elite young soccer players. The journal of strength & conditioning research, 31(6), 1468-1476. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001609

Li, Y., Ren, Y., Du, Z., Li, M., & Jiang, J. (2025). Competitive pressure, psychological resilience, and coping strategies in athletes’ pre-competition anxiety. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 35467. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19213-1

Liang, Y., Li, T., Xu, H., & Zhang, P. (2025). Differences in spatiotemporal pressure and performance between Chinese and German elite youth football players during matches. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1543287. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1543287

Mashhoot, H. A., Faraeen, M., Algnabe, A., Abdi, H., & Meshkati, Z. (2025). Examining the Effectiveness of a Mindfulness-Based Training Program on Achievement Motivation, Self-Confidence, and Sports Performance among Novice Football Students in Iraqi Schools. International Journal of Sport Studies for Health, 8(1).

Mohendra, Y., Sin, T. H., Arsil, A., Rasyid, W., Mariati, S., & Zarya, F. (2023). The Effect of Leg Muscle Explosiveness, Ankle Coordination and Concentration on the Shooting Accuracy pf Football Players SMKN 3 Sungai Penuh. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 6(5), 1943-1953. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v6-i5-15

Murad, B., Rashid, M. H., & Hidayat, N. K. (2025). The effect of competitive educational games on learning the skills of dribbling and scoring in football for middle school students. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación, (65), 589-599. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v65.110

Nurhuda, T., Rusdiana, D., & Setiawan, W. (2017). Analyzing students’ level of understanding on kinetic theory of gases. Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 812, No. 1, p. 012105). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/812/1/012105

Oliveira, M., Fuste, R., Gene-Morales, J., Gené-Sampedro, A., & Jorge, J. (2025). Relationship between refractive error, visual acuity, and postural stability in elite football players. Applied Sciences, 15(10), 5437. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105437

Piechota, K., & Majorczyk, E. (2023). Decision-making time and neuromuscular coordination in youth and senior soccer goalkeepers. Sensors, 23(9), 4483. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094483

Popescu, C., Mihăilescu, L., & Ciucurel, M. (2023). Development of Physical Skills and Personality in High School Students Through Football Training as an Extracurricular Activity. Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala, 15(4), 308-323. https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/15.4/795

Putra, A. Q. I., Wahyuddin, W., Saleh, M. S., Juhanis, J., & Hudain, M. A. (2024). The Influence of Dynamic Passing and Concentration on Increasing the Football Passing Ability of Students. ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review, 3(3), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v3i3.1520

Putro, G. C., Yudistrio, I. T., Bahtiar, M. A., & Windiarti, S. R. (2025). Sepakbola Bukan Hanya Sekedar Tendang Bola. Penerbit: Kramantara JS.

Rodrigues, F., Monteiro, D., Matos, R., Jacinto, M., Antunes, R., & Amaro, N. (2023). Motivation among teenage football players: a longitudinal investigation throughout a competitive season. European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education, 13(9), 1717-1727. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13090124

Söker, N., Schamerowski, J., Zech, A., Steib, S., & Rahlf, L. (2025). Long-term athlete development in schools: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 7, 1706060. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1706060

Suryansyah, S., Badaru, B., Bustang, B., Hasyim, H., & Hudain, M. A. (2025). Team Games Tournament Model in Elementary School Students: Learning Outcomes of Passing in Football Games. ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review, 4(4), 1028-1038. https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v4i4.3501

Suwardi, S., Hudain, M. A., & Jamaluddin, J. (2024). Knowledge of Game Rules and Speed on The Performance of South Sulawesi Association Football Referees. ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review, 3(2), 185-195. https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v3i2.1516

Till, K., Lloyd, R. S., McCormack, S., Williams, G., Baker, J., & Eisenmann, J. C. (2022). Optimising long-term athletic development: An investigation of practitioners’ knowledge, adherence, practices and challenges. PloS one, 17(1), e0262995. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262995

van Andel, S., Pieper, R., Werner, I., Wachholz, F., Mohr, M., & Federolf, P. (2021). Implications of optimal feedback control theory for sport coaching and motor learning: a systematic review. Motor Control, 26(1), 144-167. https://doi.org/10.1123/mc.2021-0041

Xue, M., & Chen, H. (2022). A football shot action recognition method based on deep learning algorithm. Scientific Programming, 2022(1), 9330798. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9330798

Zarazaga-Peláez, J., Barrachina, V., Gutiérrez-Logroño, A., Villanueva-Guerrero, O., Roso-Moliner, A., & Mainer-Pardos, E. (2024). Impact of extracurricular physical activity on achievement of the sustainable development goals and academic performance: Mediating cognitive, psychological, and social factors. Sustainability, 16(16), 7238. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167238

Zi, M., & Gao, D. (2023). A study of football goal trajectories of trained players through a kinetic model. The Journal of Engineering, 2023(4), e12264. https://doi.org/10.1049/tje2.12264