Phytochemical Fingerprinting, Green Extraction, and Nanobiotechnology of Jahe Emprit (Zingiber officinale var. amarum): A Mini Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51574/hayyan.v3i1.5258Keywords:
Zingiber officinale var. amarum, phytochemical fingerprinting, green extraction, nanobiotechnology, bioactivityAbstract
Jahe emprit (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) has attracted growing scientific attention because its gingerols, shogaols, zingerone, essential oils, and related metabolites support functional food and phytopharmaceutical development. This review synthesizes recent evidence on phytochemical fingerprinting, green extraction, nanobiotechnological delivery, bioactivities, and translational barriers of jahe emprit and closely related ginger materials. Literature was selected through systematic query expansion, screening, citation chaining, and relevance ranking of studies published mainly between 2017 and 2026. The reviewed studies show that chromatographic, spectroscopic, metabolomic, and chemometric approaches can improve authentication and quality marker identification, especially for 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, zingerone, alpha-zingiberene, and location-sensitive essential oil profiles. Green extraction methods, particularly supercritical CO2 extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and enzyme-assisted extraction, improve yield, selectivity, and bioactive preservation compared with conventional methods. Nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, and plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles enhance solubility, stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery in preclinical models. Nevertheless, clinical translation remains constrained by inconsistent quality standards, limited pharmacokinetic data, scale-up uncertainty, regulatory ambiguity, and insufficient long-term safety evidence. Standardized quality markers, reproducible extraction protocols, validated nanoformulations, and rigorous clinical trials are needed to convert jahe emprit from promising bioresource into scalable therapeutic products.
References
Aisyah, Amelia, S. Z., Febrianti, A., Nur, A., & Zahra, U. (2025). MAE and RSM optimization on red ginger extraction for enhancement of beta-sesquiphellandrene and zingeron in support of green chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1559/1/012023
Alolga, R. N., Wang, F., Zhang, X., Li, J., Tran, L. P., & Yin, X. (2022). Bioactive compounds from the Zingiberaceae family with known antioxidant activities for possible therapeutic uses. Antioxidants, 11(7), 1281. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11071281
Ansari, M. D., Majid, H., Mahmood, S., Sofian, Z. M., Husain, A., Sultana, Y., & Shakeel, F. (2025). Nanotechnology-enabled delivery of phytoconstituents: Recent developments, applications, and regulatory considerations. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. https://doi.org/10.4103/apjtb.apjtb_491_25
Ashfaq, M., Hu, W., Hu, Z., Guan, Y., & Zhang, R. (2022). A review of nutritional implications of bioactive compounds of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), their biological activities and nano-formulations. Italian Journal of Food Science, 34(3), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v34i3.2212
Ayouaz, S., Fibri, D. L. N., Madani, K., & Muhammad, D. R. A. (2025). Feasibility and sustainability evaluation of customary extraction methods of ginger bioactive compounds: A review. Indonesian Food Science and Technology Journal, 8(2), 189-200. https://doi.org/10.22437/ifstj.v8i2.31660
Foudah, A. I., Shakeel, F., Yusufoglu, H. S., Ross, S. A., & Alam, P. (2020). Simultaneous determination of 6-shogaol and 6-gingerol in various ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) extracts and commercial formulations using a green RP-HPTLC-densitometry method. Foods, 9(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/FOODS9081136
Hassan, E. E., Mabrouk, D. M., & Abdel-Aziem, S. H. (2025). Nano herbal therapeutics: A dual-edged sword - comprehensive insights into advantages, challenges, and future prospects. https://doi.org/10.57647/inl.2025.1502.05
Huang, C., Cui, H., Li, X., Askar, G., Yu, J., Hayat, K., Zhang, X., & Ho, C. (2025). Current progress in the ginger oleoresin: Bioactivities, extraction and encapsulation technologies. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2025.2521651
Kanai, T., Shirahata, T., Nakamori, S., Koizumi, Y., Kodaira, E., Sato, N., Fuchino, H., Kawano, N., Kawahara, N., Hoshino, T., Yoshimatsu, K., & Kobayashi, Y. (2024). Development of a determination method for quality control markers utilizing metabolic profiling and its application on processed Zingiber officinale Roscoe rhizome. Journal of Natural Medicines. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-024-01837-8
Li, W., Yang, S., Lin, X., Zhang, X., Huang, Y., Zhou, J., Fu, C., Li, R., & Zhang, Z. (2022). Zingiber officinale: A systematic review of botany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of gut microbiota-related gastrointestinal benefits. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 50(4), 1007-1042. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X22500410
Ma, R., Ni, Z., Zhu, Y., Thakur, K., Zhang, F., Zhang, Y., Hu, F., Zhang, J., & Wei, Z. (2021). A recent update on the multifaceted health benefits associated with ginger and its bioactive components. Food & Function, 12(2), 519-542. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0FO02834G
Matin, M., Matin, F. B., Ksepka, N., Wysocki, K., Mickael, M., Wieczorek, M., Horbanczuk, J. O., Jozwik, A., & Atanasov, A. G. (2024). The clinical research on ginger (Zingiber officinale): Insights from ClinicalTrials.gov analysis. Planta Medica. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2357-7064
Min, F., Li, J., & Chen, H. (2026). Untargeted metabolomics reveals raw material geographic origin as a key factor shaping the quality of ginger-derived exosome-like nanovesicles. Foods. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15020408
Munankarmi, N. N., Shyaula, S. L., Timilsina, P. M., Chaudhary, S., & Gauchan, D. P. (2025). Optimization of supercritical CO2 green extraction of Zingiber officinale Roscoe essential oil and comparative GC-MS profiling and biological activities with steam and simultaneous distillation. Industrial Crops and Products, 236, 122067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.122067
Pande, S. D., & Sabale, V. (2025). Nanocarrier based strategies to deliver plant-derived bioactive phytoconstituents for cancer treatment: A comprehensive review. https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25apr1139
Parvin, N., Aslam, M., Joo, S., & Mandal, T. K. (2025). Nano-phytomedicine: Harnessing plant-derived phytochemicals in nanocarriers for targeted human health applications. Molecules, 30(15), 3177. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153177
Patadiya, A., Mehta, D., & Karuppiah, N. (2025). Bridging nature and nanotechnology: A review on the potential of herbal nanoparticles in medicine. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202561905005/pdf
Rukmi, P. S. D., Ratnadewi, D., & Wijaya, C. H. (2025). Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles from emprit ginger (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) and its potential metabolite as functional food ingredients. Hayati Journal of Biosciences, 33(1), 181-195. https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.33.1.181-195
Salea, R., Veriansyah, B., & Tjandrawinata, R. R. (2017). Optimization and scale-up process for supercritical fluids extraction of ginger oil from Zingiber officinale var. amarum. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 120, 285-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SUPFLU.2016.05.035
Satapathy, S., Kuanar, A., & Kar, D. (2025). Treatment of cancer with natural bioactive compounds of Zingiber officinale: A multipotent drug of ancient to recent. Benha Medical Journal, 42(10), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.21608/bmfj.2025.390090.2442
Sonia, Z., & Sonia, Z. (2025). Advancing herbal therapeutics through nanotechnology: Innovations in drug delivery and pharmacokinetic enhancement. Plant Science Today. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.9646
Srivastava, A. K. (2025). Nanoencapsulation of herbal extracts for enhanced bioavailability. https://doi.org/10.64063/3049-1630.vol.2.issue7.8
Srinivas, T., Pavani, M., & B, T. (2026). A Systematic Overview on The Emerging Landscape of Herbal Nanomedicines. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18340159
Styawan, A. A., Purwanto, P., Susidarti, R. A., Windarsih, A., & Rohman, A. (2024a). Comparative analysis of essential oil profiles from emprit ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) grown in different locations and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease, 12(2), 82-91. https://doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v12i2.50423
Styawan, A. A., Susidarti, R. A., Purwanto, P., Irnawati, I., & Rohman, A. (2022). The use of pattern recognition for classification of Indonesian ginger (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) based on antioxidant activities and FTIR spectra. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. https://doi.org/10.7324/japs.2023.50966
Styawan, A. A., Susidarti, R., Purwanto, P., Kusumadewi, A., & Rohman, A. (2024b). The use of chemometrics in combination with molecular spectroscopy and chromatography methods for determining the levels of gingerol compounds in ginger (Zingiber officinale): A review. Food Research. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.8(3).165
Vatandoust, A., Talebi, M., Alaee, A., & Talebi, M. (2025). Exploring Zingiber officinale as natural antimicrobial in oral health: Efficacy and preclinical insights. Phytomedicine Plus, 5(4), 100894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2025.100894
Zafar, A., Alsaidan, O. A., & Mujtaba, M. A. (2025). Nano-carriers based approaches loaded with herbal bioactive compounds for the treatment of cancer: Recent updates and future prospects. Recent Patents on Anti-cancer Drug Discovery, 20. https://doi.org/10.2174/0115748928377734250731191700
