A Systemacic Review of Vanadium and Derivates : Distribution of Coordination Complex and Application
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51574/hayyan.v1i3.2409Keywords:
Coordination Complexes, Distribution, Drug Candidate, VanadiumAbstract
Vanadium is a metal that has unique characteristics both in the form of free elements, ions, and in the form of complex compounds. In common with other minerals, essential and non-essential, vanadium has a wide range of usual dietary intakes, levels of least observed adverse effects, measures of toxicological exposure, and potential therapeutic effects, with concentration ranges that may be disease specific. This review aims to summarize and evaluate the distribution and interactions between vanadium communities in aquatic, soil, and biological chemical systems. In the aquatic environment, vanadium can be distributed directly by marine microorganisms and marine biota, as well as sediments, which at certain concentrations are very toxic, and several studies have even equated the toxicity of vanadium with other heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, mercury and chromium. In soil, vanadium contamination can originate from parent rocks and anthropogenic activities such as mining, the textile industry, the burning of fossil fuels, and the effects of pesticide use. High concentrations of vanadium can interfere with energy metabolism and matter cycles; inhibits the action of enzymes, protein synthesis, ion transport, and other important physiological processes. However, it is unique because vanadium provides an advantage in plant growth process at low levels. On the other hand, the coordination of vanadium with various types of ligands to make complex compounds significantly enhances the significance of vanadium in various applications such as catalysis in polymerization reactions, and therapeutic agents and drug candidates. Ultimately, although vanadium has demonstrated cytotoxicity in testing as a therapeutic agent, several studies have shown promising opportunities for designing effective and safe vanadium derivates-based antiviral or COVID-19 drug candidates in the future.
References
Li, Qun, Hu R, Chen Z, Chen L, Zhang J, Wu X, Li JB, Gao Y, Yang ST, Wang H, Phytotoxicity of VO2 Nanoparticles with Different Sizes to Pea Seedlings, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 242 (2022).
Park, Jung E, Lee GH, Yoon C, Kim DW. “Comparison of Distribution and Toxicity Following Repeated Oral Dosing of Different Vanadium Oxide Nanoparticles in Mice.” Environmental Research, 150, (2016), 154–65.
Gustafsson, Petter J. “Vanadium Geochemistry in the Biogeosphere –Speciation, Solid-Solution Interactions, and Ecotoxicity.” Applied Geochemistry, 102, (2019), 1–25.
Sutradhar, Manas, Marques G, Soliman MAA, Fátima C. Guedes da Silva, Daniela SS, Granadeiro CM, Balula SS, Pombeiro AJL, Alegria ECBA. “Vanadium(V) Complexes Supported on Porous MIL-100(Fe) as Catalysts for the Selective Oxidation of Toluene.” Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 341, (2022), 112091.
Desaulniers D, Lorbetskie CC, Leingartner K, Xiao GH, Zhou G, Parfett C. “Effects of Vanadium (Sodium Metavanadate) and Aflatoxin-B1 on Cytochrome P450 Activities, DNA Damage and DNA Methylation in Human Liver Cell Lines.” Toxicology in Vitro, 70, (2021), 22-29.
Tulcan, Supe RX, Ouyang W, Guo Z, Lin C, Cui X, Hu J, He M. “Industrial Impacts on Vanadium Contamination in Sediments of Chinese Rivers and Bays.” Science of The Total Environment, 873 (2023), 162379.
Fomenko YS, Gushchin AL, Tkachev AV, Vasilyev EV, Abramov PA, Nadolinny VA, Syrokvashin MM, Sokolov MN. “Fist Oxidovanadium Complexes Containing Chiral Derivatives of Dihydrophenanthroline and Diazafluorene.” Polyhedron, 135(2017), 96–100.
Xi, Song W, Li JB, Liu YY, Wu H, Cao A, Wang H. “Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Low-Dose Vanadium Dioxide Nanoparticles to Lung Cells Following Long-Term Exposure.” Toxicology, 459 (2021), 35-45.
Li, Hui, Han Y, Jin J, Gao P, Zhou Z. “Process Mineralogy Approach to Optimize Curing-Leaching in Vanadium-Bearing Stone Coal Processing Plants.” International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 33(2023), 123–31.
Elaziz A, El-Tabl AS, Elmazar MM, Elwahed A. Metallopharmaceutical Complexes Based on Vanadium as Potential Anti-Hyperglycemic Agents. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 2020; 63(2):389–404.
Aihemaiti, Aikelaimu, Gao Y, Liu L, Yang G, Han S, Jiang J. Effects of Liquid Digestate on the Valence State of Vanadium in Plant and Soil and Microbial Community Response. Environmental Pollution, 2020; 265.
Al-Wafi, Reem, Hammad MS, Mansour SF. Development of Antibacterial and Morphological Features of Scaffolds Based on Polycaprolactone Encapsulated with Copper Oxide/Vanadium Oxide for Wound Dressing Applications. Ceramics International, 2023;
Bisagni, Serena, Bornadel A, Cherney AA, Hedley SJ, LePaih J, Mennen SM, Pushpanath A, Slabu I, Tedrow J, Dominguez B. Synergistic Nitroreductase/Vanadium Catalysis Enables Chemoselective Nitro Reductions to Anilines in the Absence of Hydrogen Gas. Current Research in Chemical Biology, 2022; 2:100026.
Bottini, Rubia CR, Fachini LG, Baptistella GB, Stinghen D, Santana FS, Briganti M, Ribeiro RR, Soares JF, Eduardo LS, Giovana GN. An Unsymmetrical Mixed-Valence Oxidovanadium(IV/V) Binuclear Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, DFT Studies, and Bromoperoxidase Activity. Inorganica Chimica Acta, 2022; 537.
Branch, Donald R. Role of G Protein-Coupled Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptors in HIV Integration. Future Virology, 2011; 6(6):741–53. doi: 10.2217/FVL.11.42.
Caravan P, Gelmini L, Glover N, Herring FG, McNeill JH, Rettig SJ, Setyawati IA, Shuter E, Sun Y, Yuen VG, Orvig C, Li H, Tracey AS. Reaction Chemistry of BMOV, Bis (Maltolato)Oxovanadium(IV)—A Potent Insulin Mimetic Agent. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1995; 117(51):12759–70. doi: 10.1021/JA00156A013.
Ceci, Andrea, Maggi O, Pinzari F, Persiani AM. Growth Responses to and Accumulation of Vanadium in Agricultural Soil Fungi. Applied Soil Ecology, 2012; 58:1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2012.02.022.
Chen, Yu C, Chen ML, Chen HB, Wang H, Cramer SP, Zhou ZH. α-Hydroxy Coordination of Mononuclear Vanadyl Citrate, Malate and S-Citramalate with N-Heterocycle Ligand, Implying a New Protonation Pathway of Iron–Vanadium Cofactor in Nitrogenase. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 2014; 141:114–20. doi: 10.1016/J.JINORGBIO.2014.08.003.
Chen, Yu C, Zhou ZH, Chen HB, Huang PQ, Tsai KR, Chow YL. “Formations of Mixed-Valence OxovanadiumV,IV Citrates and Homocitrate with N-Heterocycle Chelated Ligand.” Inorganic Chemistry, 2008; 47(19):8714–20. doi: 10.1021/IC800553P.
Chen, Junlin, Lu J, Chen S, Wang J, Zhang B. “Synchronous Bio-Reduction of Uranium (VI) and Vanadium (V) in Aquifer: Performance and Mechanisms.” Chemosphere, 2022; 288. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132539.
Pessoa C, João, Garribba E, Santos MFA, Silva TS. “Vanadium and Proteins: Uptake, Transport, Structure, Activity and Function.” Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2015; 301–302:49–86. doi: 10.1016/J.CCR.2015.03.016.
Eady RR, Robson RL, Richardson TH, Miller RW, Hawkins M. 1987. “The Vanadium Nitrogenase of Azotobacter Chroococcum. Purification and Properties of the VFe Protein.” Biochemical Journal 244(1):197–207. doi: 10.1042/BJ2440197.
Elagab, Ali H, Helmut G. “Bis (Benzothiazolyl) Titanium, Zirconium and Vanadium Complexes as Catalysts for Ethylene Polymerization.” European Polymer Journal, 2015; 68:385–97. doi: 10.1016/J.EURPOLYMJ.2015.05.017.
Elagab, Ali H, Helmut G. “Titanium, Zirconium and Vanadium Complexes of 2-(Benzimidazolyl, Benzothiazolyl, and Benzoxazolyl) Pyridine as Catalyst Precursors for Ethylene Polymerization.” Inorganica Chimica Acta, 2015; 431:266–75. doi: 10.1016/J.ICA.2015.03.021.
Favre, Daniel, Harmon JF, Zhang A, Miller MS, Kaltashov IA. “Decavanadate Interactions with the Elements of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Highlight the Potential Role of Electrostatics in Disrupting the Infectivity Cycle.” Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 2022; 234:111899. doi: 10.1016/J.JINORGBIO.2022.111899.
Fei, Yangmei, Zhang B, He J, Chen C, Liu H. “Dynamics of Vertical Vanadium Migration in Soil and Interactions with Indigenous Microorganisms Adjacent to Tailing Reservoir.” Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2022; 424. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127608.
Fisher, Karl, Dilworth MJ, Newton WE. “Azotobacter Vinelandii Vanadium Nitrogenase: Formaldehyde Is a Product of Catalyzed HCN Reduction, and Excess Ammonia Arises Directly from Catalyzed Azide Reduction.” Biochemistry, 2006; 45(13):4190–98. doi: 10.1021/BI0514109.
Fomenko IS, Mikhailov AA, Vorobyev V, Kuratieva NV, Kostin GA, Schaniel D, Nadolinny VA, Gushchin AL. “Solution and Solid-State Light-Induced Transformations in Heterometallic Vanadium-Ruthenium Nitrosyl Complex.” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 2021; 407. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.113044.
Zhonglan G, Zhang C, Yu S, Yang X, Wang K. “Vanadyl Bisacetylacetonate Protects β Cells from Palmitate-Induced Cell Death through the Unfolded Protein Response Pathway.” Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2011; 16(5):789–98. doi: 10.1007/S00775-011-0780-0.
Meina G, Esteban, Niyogi S, Liber K. “Investigating the Mechanism of Vanadium Toxicity in Freshwater Organisms.” Aquatic Toxicology, 2020; 229:105648. doi: 10.1016/J.AQUATOX.2020.105648.
Baró G, Ana C, Curotto VF, Pis-Diez R, Parajón Costa BS, Jackson Resende ALC, De Paula FSC, Elene C, Maia P, Rey NA. “A Novel Oxidovanadium(V) Compound with an Isonicotinohydrazide Ligand. A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study and Cytotoxity against K562 Cells.” Polyhedron, 2017; 135:303–10. doi: 10.1016/j.poly.2017.07.013.
Derek FH, Jimenez-Vicente E, Yang ZY, Hoffman BM, Dean DR, Seefeldt LC. “CO as a Substrate and Inhibitor of H+ Reduction for the Mo-, V-, and Fe-Nitrogenase Isozymes.” Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 2020; 213:111278. doi: 10.1016/J.JINORGBIO.2020.111278.
Hernández, Lino, Araujo ML, Madden W, Carpio ED, Lubes V, Lubes G. “Vanadium Complexes with Polypyridyl Ligands: Speciation, Structure and Potential Medicinal Activity.” Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 2022; 229. doi: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111712.
Hu, Xingyun, Yue Y, Peng X. “Release Kinetics of Vanadium from Vanadium Titano-Magnetite: The Effects of PH, Dissolved Oxygen, Temperature and Foreign Ions.” Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 2018; 64:298–305. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.07.001.
Hu, Yilin, Lee CC, Ribbe MW. “Extending the Carbon Chain: Hydrocarbon Formation Catalyzed by Vanadium/Molybdenum Nitrogenases.” Science, 2011; 333(6043):753–55. doi: 10.1126/SCIENCE.1206883.
Igarashi, Atsushi, Kolychev EL, Tamm M, Nomura K. “Synthesis of (Imido)Vanadium(V) Dichloride Complexes Containing Anionic N-Heterocyclic Carbenes That Contain a Weakly Coordinating Borate Moiety: New MAO-Free Ethylene Polymerization Catalysts.” Organometallics, 2016; 35(11):1778–84. doi: 10.1021/ACS.ORGANOMET.6B00200/SUPPL_FILE/OM6B00200_SI_002.CIF.
Imtiaz M, Ashraf M, Rizwan MS, Nawaz MA, Rizwan M, Mehmood S, Yousaf B, Yuan Y, Ditta A, Mumtaz MA, Ali M, Mahmood S, Tu S. “Vanadium Toxicity in Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum L.) Grown in Red Soil: Effects on Cell Death, ROS and Antioxidative Systems.” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2018; 158:139–44. doi: 10.1016/J.ECOENV.2018.04.022.
Jasińska, Anna, Szklarzewicz J, Jurowska A, Hodorowicz M, Kazek G, Mordyl B, Lutwin MG. “V(III) and V(IV) Schiff Base Complexes as Potential Insulin-Mimetic Compounds – Comparison, Characterization and Biological Activity.” Polyhedron, 2022; 215. doi: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115682.
Park, Jung E, Lee GH, Yoon C, Kim DW. “Comparison of Distribution and Toxicity Following Repeated Oral Dosing of Different Vanadium Oxide Nanoparticles in Mice.” Environmental Research, 150, (2016), 154–65.
Gustafsson, Petter J. “Vanadium Geochemistry in the Biogeosphere –Speciation, Solid-Solution Interactions, and Ecotoxicity.” Applied Geochemistry, 102, (2019), 1–25.
Sutradhar, Manas, Marques G, Soliman MAA, Fátima C. Guedes da Silva, Daniela SS, Granadeiro CM, Balula SS, Pombeiro AJL, Alegria ECBA. “Vanadium(V) Complexes Supported on Porous MIL-100(Fe) as Catalysts for the Selective Oxidation of Toluene.” Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 341, (2022), 112091.
Desaulniers D, Lorbetskie CC, Leingartner K, Xiao GH, Zhou G, Parfett C. “Effects of Vanadium (Sodium Metavanadate) and Aflatoxin-B1 on Cytochrome P450 Activities, DNA Damage and DNA Methylation in Human Liver Cell Lines.” Toxicology in Vitro, 70, (2021), 22-29.
Tulcan, Supe RX, Ouyang W, Guo Z, Lin C, Cui X, Hu J, He M. “Industrial Impacts on Vanadium Contamination in Sediments of Chinese Rivers and Bays.” Science of The Total Environment, 873 (2023), 162379.
Fomenko YS, Gushchin AL, Tkachev AV, Vasilyev EV, Abramov PA, Nadolinny VA, Syrokvashin MM, Sokolov MN. “Fist Oxidovanadium Complexes Containing Chiral Derivatives of Dihydrophenanthroline and Diazafluorene.” Polyhedron, 135(2017), 96–100.
Xi, Song W, Li JB, Liu YY, Wu H, Cao A, Wang H. “Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Low-Dose Vanadium Dioxide Nanoparticles to Lung Cells Following Long-Term Exposure.” Toxicology, 459 (2021), 35-45.
Li, Hui, Han Y, Jin J, Gao P, Zhou Z. “Process Mineralogy Approach to Optimize Curing-Leaching in Vanadium-Bearing Stone Coal Processing Plants.” International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 33(2023), 123–31.
Elaziz A, El-Tabl AS, Elmazar MM, Elwahed A. Metallopharmaceutical Complexes Based on Vanadium as Potential Anti-Hyperglycemic Agents. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 2020; 63(2):389–404.
Aihemaiti, Aikelaimu, Gao Y, Liu L, Yang G, Han S, Jiang J. Effects of Liquid Digestate on the Valence State of Vanadium in Plant and Soil and Microbial Community Response. Environmental Pollution, 2020; 265.
Al-Wafi, Reem, Hammad MS, Mansour SF. Development of Antibacterial and Morphological Features of Scaffolds Based on Polycaprolactone Encapsulated with Copper Oxide/Vanadium Oxide for Wound Dressing Applications. Ceramics International, 2023;
Bisagni, Serena, Bornadel A, Cherney AA, Hedley SJ, LePaih J, Mennen SM, Pushpanath A, Slabu I, Tedrow J, Dominguez B. Synergistic Nitroreductase/Vanadium Catalysis Enables Chemoselective Nitro Reductions to Anilines in the Absence of Hydrogen Gas. Current Research in Chemical Biology, 2022; 2:100026.
Bottini, Rubia CR, Fachini LG, Baptistella GB, Stinghen D, Santana FS, Briganti M, Ribeiro RR, Soares JF, Eduardo LS, Giovana GN. An Unsymmetrical Mixed-Valence Oxidovanadium(IV/V) Binuclear Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, DFT Studies, and Bromoperoxidase Activity. Inorganica Chimica Acta, 2022; 537.
Branch, Donald R. Role of G Protein-Coupled Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptors in HIV Integration. Future Virology, 2011; 6(6):741–53. doi: 10.2217/FVL.11.42.
Caravan P, Gelmini L, Glover N, Herring FG, McNeill JH, Rettig SJ, Setyawati IA, Shuter E, Sun Y, Yuen VG, Orvig C, Li H, Tracey AS. Reaction Chemistry of BMOV, Bis (Maltolato)Oxovanadium(IV)—A Potent Insulin Mimetic Agent. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1995; 117(51):12759–70. doi: 10.1021/JA00156A013.
Ceci, Andrea, Maggi O, Pinzari F, Persiani AM. Growth Responses to and Accumulation of Vanadium in Agricultural Soil Fungi. Applied Soil Ecology, 2012; 58:1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2012.02.022.
Chen, Yu C, Chen ML, Chen HB, Wang H, Cramer SP, Zhou ZH. α-Hydroxy Coordination of Mononuclear Vanadyl Citrate, Malate and S-Citramalate with N-Heterocycle Ligand, Implying a New Protonation Pathway of Iron–Vanadium Cofactor in Nitrogenase. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 2014; 141:114–20. doi: 10.1016/J.JINORGBIO.2014.08.003.
Chen, Yu C, Zhou ZH, Chen HB, Huang PQ, Tsai KR, Chow YL. “Formations of Mixed-Valence OxovanadiumV,IV Citrates and Homocitrate with N-Heterocycle Chelated Ligand.” Inorganic Chemistry, 2008; 47(19):8714–20. doi: 10.1021/IC800553P.
Chen, Junlin, Lu J, Chen S, Wang J, Zhang B. “Synchronous Bio-Reduction of Uranium (VI) and Vanadium (V) in Aquifer: Performance and Mechanisms.” Chemosphere, 2022; 288. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132539.
Pessoa C, João, Garribba E, Santos MFA, Silva TS. “Vanadium and Proteins: Uptake, Transport, Structure, Activity and Function.” Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2015; 301–302:49–86. doi: 10.1016/J.CCR.2015.03.016.
Eady RR, Robson RL, Richardson TH, Miller RW, Hawkins M. 1987. “The Vanadium Nitrogenase of Azotobacter Chroococcum. Purification and Properties of the VFe Protein.” Biochemical Journal 244(1):197–207. doi: 10.1042/BJ2440197.
Elagab, Ali H, Helmut G. “Bis (Benzothiazolyl) Titanium, Zirconium and Vanadium Complexes as Catalysts for Ethylene Polymerization.” European Polymer Journal, 2015; 68:385–97. doi: 10.1016/J.EURPOLYMJ.2015.05.017.
Elagab, Ali H, Helmut G. “Titanium, Zirconium and Vanadium Complexes of 2-(Benzimidazolyl, Benzothiazolyl, and Benzoxazolyl) Pyridine as Catalyst Precursors for Ethylene Polymerization.” Inorganica Chimica Acta, 2015; 431:266–75. doi: 10.1016/J.ICA.2015.03.021.
Favre, Daniel, Harmon JF, Zhang A, Miller MS, Kaltashov IA. “Decavanadate Interactions with the Elements of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Highlight the Potential Role of Electrostatics in Disrupting the Infectivity Cycle.” Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 2022; 234:111899. doi: 10.1016/J.JINORGBIO.2022.111899.
Fei, Yangmei, Zhang B, He J, Chen C, Liu H. “Dynamics of Vertical Vanadium Migration in Soil and Interactions with Indigenous Microorganisms Adjacent to Tailing Reservoir.” Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2022; 424. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127608.
Fisher, Karl, Dilworth MJ, Newton WE. “Azotobacter Vinelandii Vanadium Nitrogenase: Formaldehyde Is a Product of Catalyzed HCN Reduction, and Excess Ammonia Arises Directly from Catalyzed Azide Reduction.” Biochemistry, 2006; 45(13):4190–98. doi: 10.1021/BI0514109.
Fomenko IS, Mikhailov AA, Vorobyev V, Kuratieva NV, Kostin GA, Schaniel D, Nadolinny VA, Gushchin AL. “Solution and Solid-State Light-Induced Transformations in Heterometallic Vanadium-Ruthenium Nitrosyl Complex.” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 2021; 407. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.113044.
Zhonglan G, Zhang C, Yu S, Yang X, Wang K. “Vanadyl Bisacetylacetonate Protects β Cells from Palmitate-Induced Cell Death through the Unfolded Protein Response Pathway.” Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2011; 16(5):789–98. doi: 10.1007/S00775-011-0780-0.
Meina G, Esteban, Niyogi S, Liber K. “Investigating the Mechanism of Vanadium Toxicity in Freshwater Organisms.” Aquatic Toxicology, 2020; 229:105648. doi: 10.1016/J.AQUATOX.2020.105648.
Baró G, Ana C, Curotto VF, Pis-Diez R, Parajón Costa BS, Jackson Resende ALC, De Paula FSC, Elene C, Maia P, Rey NA. “A Novel Oxidovanadium(V) Compound with an Isonicotinohydrazide Ligand. A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study and Cytotoxity against K562 Cells.” Polyhedron, 2017; 135:303–10. doi: 10.1016/j.poly.2017.07.013.
Derek FH, Jimenez-Vicente E, Yang ZY, Hoffman BM, Dean DR, Seefeldt LC. “CO as a Substrate and Inhibitor of H+ Reduction for the Mo-, V-, and Fe-Nitrogenase Isozymes.” Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 2020; 213:111278. doi: 10.1016/J.JINORGBIO.2020.111278.
Hernández, Lino, Araujo ML, Madden W, Carpio ED, Lubes V, Lubes G. “Vanadium Complexes with Polypyridyl Ligands: Speciation, Structure and Potential Medicinal Activity.” Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 2022; 229. doi: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111712.
Hu, Xingyun, Yue Y, Peng X. “Release Kinetics of Vanadium from Vanadium Titano-Magnetite: The Effects of PH, Dissolved Oxygen, Temperature and Foreign Ions.” Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 2018; 64:298–305. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.07.001.
Hu, Yilin, Lee CC, Ribbe MW. “Extending the Carbon Chain: Hydrocarbon Formation Catalyzed by Vanadium/Molybdenum Nitrogenases.” Science, 2011; 333(6043):753–55. doi: 10.1126/SCIENCE.1206883.
Igarashi, Atsushi, Kolychev EL, Tamm M, Nomura K. “Synthesis of (Imido)Vanadium(V) Dichloride Complexes Containing Anionic N-Heterocyclic Carbenes That Contain a Weakly Coordinating Borate Moiety: New MAO-Free Ethylene Polymerization Catalysts.” Organometallics, 2016; 35(11):1778–84. doi: 10.1021/ACS.ORGANOMET.6B00200/SUPPL_FILE/OM6B00200_SI_002.CIF.
Imtiaz M, Ashraf M, Rizwan MS, Nawaz MA, Rizwan M, Mehmood S, Yousaf B, Yuan Y, Ditta A, Mumtaz MA, Ali M, Mahmood S, Tu S. “Vanadium Toxicity in Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum L.) Grown in Red Soil: Effects on Cell Death, ROS and Antioxidative Systems.” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2018; 158:139–44. doi: 10.1016/J.ECOENV.2018.04.022.
Jasińska, Anna, Szklarzewicz J, Jurowska A, Hodorowicz M, Kazek G, Mordyl B, Lutwin MG. “V(III) and V(IV) Schiff Base Complexes as Potential Insulin-Mimetic Compounds – Comparison, Characterization and Biological Activity.” Polyhedron, 2022; 215. doi: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115682.
