Understanding of mathematical concepts, especially in circle material, is influenced by students' learning styles and the way they communicate in solving problems. This study aims to analyze how students with visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning styles apply the commognitive component in solving circle problems. The research method used is a qualitative approach with data collection techniques in the form of observation and interviews. The subject of this research is at public middle school 51 Makassar. The main instruments in this study include learning style questionnaires, written tests, and interviews. The data analysis technique includes three main stages: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. To ensure data validity, this study used triangulation techniques and sources. The results indicated that students with a visual learning style used more visual mediators and words to understand the concept of a circle. Students with auditory learning styles tend to rely on narration in explaining concepts and are more fluent in oral communication, while students with kinesthetic learning styles use more routines and hands-on practice in solving problems. The conclusion of this study confirms that each learning style has a different tendency to utilize the commognitive component. Therefore, the optimal learning strategy should accommodate various learning styles so that students' understanding of mathematics concepts is more effective and meaningful.
Downloads
- An, D., & Carr, M. (2017). Learning styles theory fails to explain learning and achievement: Recommendations for alternative approaches. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 410–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.050
- Apipah, S. (2018). An analysis of mathematical connection ability based on student learning style on visualization auditory kinesthetic (VAK) learning model with self-assessment. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 983(1), 12138. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/983/1/012138
- Azizah, N. A., & Widyartono, D. (2024). Gaya Belajar Visual, Auditorial, Dan Kinestetik: Temuan Dari Siswa Kelas VII. Journal of Language, Literature, and Arts, 4(11), 1117–1123. https://doi.org/10.17977/um064v4i112024p1117-1123
- Cardino Jr, J. M., & Cruz, R. A. O.-D. (2020). Understanding of learning styles and teaching strategies towards improving the teaching and learning of mathematics. LUMAT: International Journal on Math, Science and Technology Education, 8(1), 19–43. https://doi.org/10.31129/LUMAT.8.1.1348
- Cooper, J., & Lavie, I. (2021). Bridging incommensurable discourses–A commognitive look at instructional design in the zone of proximal development. The Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 61, 100822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmathb.2020.100822
- Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design : qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches /. SAGE Publications, Inc. (US), 3–23.
- Danaryanti, A., & Noviani, H. (2015). Pengaruh Gaya Belajar Matematika Siswa Kelas VII terhadap Kemampuan Komunikasi Matematis di SMP. EDU-MAT: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.20527/EDUMAT.V3I2.648
- Danişman, Ş., & Erginer, E. (2017). The predictive power of fifth graders’ learning styles on their mathematical reasoning and spatial ability. Cogent Education, 4(1), 1266830. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2016.1266830
- Demir, M., Zengin, Y., Özcan, Ş., Urhan, S., & Aksu, N. (2023). Students’ mathematical reasoning on the area of the circle: 5E-based flipped classroom approach. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 54(1), 99–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020739X.2022.2101955
- Depdiknas. (2006). Permendiknas Nomor 22 Tentang Standar Isi Untuk Satuan Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah. 1–43.
- Diana, N., Suryadi, D., & Dahlan, J. A. (2020). Analysis of students’ mathematical connection abilities in solving problem of circle material: Transposition study. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists, 8(2), 829–842. https://doi.org/10.17478/jegys.689673
- Eka Afri, L., Ario, M., Isharyadi, R., Novia Sari, R., Deswita, H., Studi Pendidikan Matematika, P., Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, F., Pasir Pengaraian Jl Tuanku Tambusai, U., & Rambah, D. (2022). Pembelajaran Matematika di Masa Pandemi COVID-19. Jurnal Cendekia: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 06(01), 1080–1091.
- El-Sabagh, H. A. (2021). Adaptive e-learning environment based on learning styles and its impact on development students’ engagement. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00289-4
- Fallace, T. (2023). The long origins of the visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning style typology, 1921–2001. History of Psychology, 26(4), 334–354. https://doi.org/10.1037/hop0000240
- Firdaus, A. M. (2023). Proses berpikir dalam menggeneralisasi pola bilangan berdasarkan gaya belajar pada siswa kelas VIII SMP. Delta-Pi: Jurnal Matematika Dan Pendidikan Matematika, 12(2), 45–60. https://doi.org/10.33387/dpi.v12i2.6883
- Firmanti, P., Yuberta, F., Septiadi, D. D., & Nisa, N. R. (2024). Geometry ability in Senior High School Students: Based on Learning Style. Hipotenusa: Journal of Mathematical Society, 6(1), 88–100. https://doi.org/10.18326/hipotenusa.v6i1.1901
- Fitri, D. Y., & Aima, Z. (2017). Pengaruh Penerapan Teknik Spotlight terhadap Pemahaman Konsep Matematis Sisiwa Kelas VIII SMPN 1 Batang Anai Padang Pariaman. Mosharafa: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 6(2), 247–254. https://doi.org/10.31980/mosharafa.v6i2.446
- Giardina, C. R. (2025). Probability for Deep Learning Quantum: A Many-Sorted Algebra View. Probability for Deep Learning Quantum: A Many-Sorted Algebra View, 1–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2023-0-51177-2
- Han, L. (2022). Assessing L2 Chinese Listening Using Authenticated Spoken Texts. ProQuest LLC.
- Khamparia, A., & Pandey, B. (2020). Association of learning styles with different e-learning problems: a systematic review and classification. Education and Information Technologies, 25(2), 1303–1331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-10028-y
- Kim, D., Choi, S., & Lim, W. (2017). Sfard’s Commognitive Framework as a Method of Discourse Analysis in Mathematics. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Cognitive and Language Sciences, 11(11), 448–452.
- Knoll, A. R., Otani, H., Skeel, R. L., & Van Horn, K. R. (2017). Learning style, judgements of learning, and learning of verbal and visual information. British Journal of Psychology, 108(3), 544–563. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12214
- Lerman, S. (2020). Encyclopedia of mathematics education. Springer.
- Ma, V. J., & Ma, X. (2014). A comparative analysis of the relationship between learning styles and mathematics performance. International Journal of STEM Education, 1(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/2196-7822-1-3
- Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook, 2nd ed. In Sage Publications, Inc. (pp. xiv, 338–xiv, 338). Sage Publications, Inc.
- Mpofu, S., & Pournara, C. (2018). Learner Participation in the Functions Discourse: A Focus on Asymptotes of the Hyperbola. African Journal of Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 22(1), 2–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/18117295.2017.1409170
- Nilimaa, J. (2023). New examination approach for real-world creativity and problem-solving skills in mathematics. Trends in Higher Education, 2(3), 477–495. https://doi.org/10.3390/higheredu2030028
- Nurdyasnyah, & Andiek, W. (2015). Inovasi Teknologi Pembelajaran. Semantic Scholar.
- Rambe, M. S., & Yarni, N. (2019). Pengaruh Gaya Belajar Visual, Auditorial, Dan Kinestetik Terhadap Prestasi Belajar Siswa Sma Dian Andalas Padang. Jurnal Review Pendidikan Dan Pengajaran, 2(2), 291–296. https://doi.org/10.31004/jrpp.v2i2.486
- Ruswana, A. M., & Zamnah, L. N. (2018). Korelasi antara Self-Regulated Learning dengan Kemampuan Pemahaman Matematis Mahasiswa. Mosharafa: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 7(3), 381–388. https://doi.org/10.31980/MOSHARAFA.V7I3.143
- Schulze, S., & Bosman, A. (2018). Learning style preferences and Mathematics achievement of secondary school learners. South African Journal of Education, 38(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v38n1a1440
- Setiana, D. S., Purwoko, R. Y., & Sugiman. (2021). The application of mathematics learning model to stimulate mathematical critical thinking skills of senior high school students. European Journal of Educational Research, 10(1), 509–523. https://doi.org/10.12973/EU-JER.10.1.509
- Setyadi, D., Masi, L., Salim, S., & Kadir, K. (2020). Analisis Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematis Siswa SMP Ditinjau Dari Perbedaan Gaya Belajar. Jurnal Amal Pendidikan, 1(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.36709/JAPEND.V1I1.11684
- Sfard, A. (2020). Commognition. Encyclopedia of Mathematics Education, 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15789-0_100031
- Sheromova, T. S., Khuziakhmetov, A. N., Kazinets, V. A., Sizova, Z. M., Buslaev, S. I., & Borodianskaia, E. A. (2020). Learning styles and development of cognitive skills in mathematics learning. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16(11). https://doi.org/10.29333/EJMSTE/8538
- Shinno, Y., & Fujita, T. (2022). Characterizing how and when a way of proving develops in a primary mathematics classroom: a commognitive approach. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 53(12), 3326–3351. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020739X.2021.1941365
- Sugiyono. (2017). Metode penelitian bisnis: pendekatan kuantitatif, kualitatif, kombinasi, dan R&D. In Bandung : CV Alfabeta.
- Sulisawati, D. N., Lutfiyah, L., Murtinasari, F., & Sukma, L. (2019). Differences of visual, Auditorial, kinesthetic students in understanding mathematics problems. Malikussaleh Journal of Mathematics Learning (MJML), 2(2), 45–51. https://doi.org/10.29103/mjml.v2i2.1385
- Syahri, A. A., Hikmah, S. N., & Rara, K. (2024). Analisis Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Berdasarkan Teori John Dewey Ditinjau Dari Self Efficacy. AL KHAWARIZMI: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 4(1), 6–12. https://doi.org/10.46368/kjpm.v4i1.1674
- Troussas, C., Krouska, A., & Sgouropoulou, C. (2025). Learning Styles: Assisting Students Towards Educational Success. In Human-Computer Interaction and Augmented Intelligence: The Paradigm of Interactive Machine Learning in Educational Software (pp. 185–234). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-84453-9_5
- Verschaffel, L., Schukajlow, S., Star, J., & Van Dooren, W. (2020). Word problems in mathematics education: A survey. Zdm, 52, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-020-01130-4
- Wan Hussin, W. A. S., & Mohd Matore, M. E. E. (2023). The influence of learning styles on academic procrastination among students in mathematics. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1239933. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1239933
- Yuliana, I. A. (2024). Optimalisasi Pendidikan Agama Islam Dalam Mengintegrasikan Pendekatan Visual, Auditori, Dan Kinestetik (VAK) Untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar Siswa. International Conference on Humanity Education and Society (ICHES), 3(1).
- Yulianci, S., Nurjumiati, N., & Asriyadin, A. (2020). Analisis Karakteristik Gaya Belajar VAK (Visual, Auditori, Kinestetik) Siswa Pada Pembelajaran Fisika. JURNAL PENDIDIKAN MIPA, 10(1), 40–44. https://doi.org/10.37630/JPM.V10I1.328
- Yusuf & Amin. (2016). Pengaruh Mind Map dan Gaya Belajar Terhadap Hasil Belajar. Keguruan Dan IImu Tarbiyah, 1(1), 85–92.
- Zagoto, M. M., & Dakhi, O. (2018). Pengembangan Perangkat Pembelajaran Matematika Peminatan Berbasis Pendekatan Saintifik Untuk Siswa Kelas XI Sekolah Menengah Atas. Jurnal Review Pendidikan Dan Pengajaran, 1(1), 157–170. https://doi.org/10.31004/JRPP.V1I1.884
- Zales, J. P., & Vasquez, R. S. (2022). Learning styles and achievement in geometry. South Florida Journal of Development, 3(4), 5542–5548. https://doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv3n4-117
Copyright (c) 2025 Andi Alim Syahri

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Similar Articles
- Jela A. Rahawarin, Samuel P. Ritiauw, Leonid Ritiauw, STAD Learning Model and Learning Styles: Learning Outcomes of Fifth-Grade Students at Primary School , ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review : Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026): March
- Cici Sukaesih, Iskandar Iskandar, Elly Fatmasari, A Problem-Based Learning Model to Improve English Learning Outcomes: A Study in Middle-School Students , ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review : Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023): December
- Isni Khotimah Br Pane, Aryeni Aryeni, Student Learning Outcomes in Digestive Systems Material via Deep Learning-Based Problem-Based Learning in High School , ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review : Vol. 5 No. 3 (2026): June
- Dean R. Matital, Elsinora Mahananingtyas, Leonid Ritiauw, Controversial Issue Learning Model: Social Studies Learning Outcomes at Elementary School , ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review : Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026): March
- Putri Wulandari Ranggoli, Novianita Achmad, Putri Ekawaty Kobandaha, Mathematical Concept Understanding of Middle School Students: An Experimental Study of the Discovery Learning Model , ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review : Vol. 4 No. 3 (2025): June
- Tasya Lumamena, Leonid Ritiauw, Samuel P. Ritiauw, Horay Course Review Learning Model: Student Learning Outcomes in Material of Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom in Indonesia , ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review : Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026): March
- Nurdalia Nurdalia, Learning Design Education Religion Islam In School , ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review : Vol. 2 No. 2 (2023): March
- Indri Indarti Kadir, Iskandar Iskandar, Elly Fatmasari, The Effect of Group Study on The English Learning Achievement of Students In Middle-School 1 Bunobogu , ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review : Vol. 2 No. 2 (2023): March
- Temitope Oteyola, Kehinde Oluyemisi Akintitan , Cognitive Styles and Learning Strategies on Smart Learning Environment Effectiveness in Secondary School Mathematics Achievement , ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review : Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026): March
- Zahra Nur, Mulyadi Mulyadi, Erwin Nurdiansyah, Show and Tell Learning Method Based on the Discovery Learning Model: Creativity and Learning Outcomes at Primary School , ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review : Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): December
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.


















